Preface About Identity:
History is not God given and it is potentiality of man research and his conscience and historical evidences. The work of History research is humanitarian and academic concern.
Racial name is not God given, but there is a trend that the different ethnic groups invent their racial/ethnic name as their ethnic identity in order to enjoying their fundamental rights from their central Government. But it depends on demographic and geographical situation of the ethnic groups. Muslim is not a name of ethnic group because ethnic name not depends on Religion.
Note About The Arakan:
In 1974 the BSPP government of Ne Win constituted Rakhine State from Arakan Division to restoration of Rakhine Independence.
The land of the Arakan’s creation is since 5 millions years ago, and the people of Arakan were entered from part of India in 5,000 years ago. The God of Buddha is the son of A Taw Ka king from Biha, India. Before Islamic era, some of the first group in Arakan accepted Muslim is moon worshipers San-Da-Wan-Tha when Islamic preaher arrived during the king San-Da-Thu-Ri-Yah who ruled over the two types of groups known as the sun worshipers Thi-Ri-Yah-Wan-Tha and the moon worshipers San-Da-Wan-Tha.
The Arakan Flag Design During Sanda-Thu-Ri-Ya King
After Islamic date, trading or Propagation
During 7th Century to 16th Century AD, trading in Java, Malacca, Myanmar and Arakan was took places by Arab traders, thus , some are firstly converted to Muslim. During this time, the first time some converted to Islam were from San Da Thu Ri Yah, who believed to Moon.
In 788 AD, during the season of Wae Tha Li, many of Arab traders’ boat were demolished by cyclone and landed into an island. And the king of the land relocated them into the lands. Thus, they named that island as ‘Raham Bre’ (In Arabic, helper island), (today call as ‘Rambre island’). (from historians)
In 887 AD, most of Rakines converted to Islam as the results of propagation from India, by the 9th Mrauk U king’s envoys : Kadi, Musha, Haung Nu Mya. (from Arab history)
Later from, during Portugeese, in slavery time, some people from Bangladesh including non-Begladeshi, were brought into Arakan and sold as slaves to Arab traders and Rakhines.
Thus, we can say today Rohingya is mix with Arab, Mongolia, Rakhine(Mags), and clash into Fore-Arian, Indo-Arian, Indo-Mongo. As Burma is home to firstly Pyu states and secondly Mon states. I would not make mention as some mix from Bengali as Bangladesh was separated later, and some states of Bangladesh (Cittagong) falled into Arakan.
So, we found that Sitakong-Bengali dialect close to Arakan Rohingya, but remember that Arakan-Rohingya dialect not close to Cittagong language (ironic in many reports, easily reporting that the Rohingya dialects related to Chittagonian) . But close means different language and not same and need translation. As an example, Thai, Lao, Shan-Burma languages are close in script (written) and dialect, but different language. Cultures, civilization, territory, language, are totally different. Eg. Bengali wear shirt by putting out site, and like putting mustache, while Rohingya put inside and no mustache.
Rohingya Islam in Arakan is long rooted, can be proved by historical buildings with Mosque, firstly built in 7th Century, Muslim Kings ruled for 4 centuries in Arakan, and others, and Islamic names of towns, villages, rivers and others, and some Rakine kings used Islamic names in 14 Century. Otherwise, the latest DNA wiill prove their existences.
The name of Rohingya is founded as the people from Rohang-Arakan: Rohang-Gya (‘Gya’ is villager). Like ‘Rakhasa’ to ‘Rakkha’ to ‘Rakkhaing’ to Rakhaing, Arakan to Rakhine, Burma to Myanmar. Time by time, states, people, names, cultures, are changed.
LANGUAGE:
Arabic is a main script for Muslims around the world, thus Arab traders used Arabic language in Arakan. Later Persian language (sub Arabic), Urdu (sub-Arabic) used in the time colony, now lately in Burmese but not in Bengali script. As Rohingya’s culture, tradition, script, were destroyed due to unavoidable violations in every power transition periods. Mostly from other parts of Rohingyas where mostly Rakhines speak dialect in Rakhine language and Burmese in many cities, thus, today Rohingyas learn Burmese script from their education and Arabic and Urdu from religious class. Latest script of Rohingya is yet to be form.
The first written Rohingya language was more than 1300 years old and it used Arabic script. The sixth century Niti Chandra inscription and Vira Chandra inscription of Vesali, Arakan were written in Rohingya language stating the yedhamma verse of the messenger Mohammad. However during the long colonial period under British rule, Urdu, Arabic and English were the main popular languages used for writing.
Similarly, India descendent religion Buddhism Rakhine or Burmese used India-Brami words to Pali-subbrami to complete Burmese script today.
Others minorities speaking in the Rohingya dialects are Mro, Thet or Chakma, Khami, Dainet, and Maramagri. Amongst them, the Rohingya people are Muslim and therefore, the problems remains for the Rohingya only.
If we look a back we would found that the God Buddha is the son of king ‘A-Taw-Ka’ and began from Biha-India, and preached firstly into Arakan and later to upper Burma in Burma. Thus, significant groups like Dianet, Maramagyi and Hindu are seen as the first class, the Arakanese Rakhine is the second class and later Burman from upper Burma is the third class, are indisputable ranks in Buddhism, such as ‘thayrawada’ and ‘mahayana’ in religion.
Undeniable that today the dialect of the Rohingya is close to the first class groups of Buddhist.
So, we found that Chittagong-Bengali dialect close to Arakan Rohingya, but close means different language and not same and need translation. But, remember that Arakan-Rohingya dialect not close to Cittagong language (ironic in many reports, easily reporting that the Rohingya dialects related to Chittagonian) .. As an example, Thai, Lao, Shan-Burma languages are close in script (written) and dialect, but different language. Cultures, civilization, territory, language, are totally different while Nepali, Butane and Bengali Languages have similarity with Hindi scripture but expression is far way from each other.
Eg. Bengali wear shirt by putting out site, and like putting mustache, while Rohingya put inside and no mustache.
Recognition:
The Rohingya were recognized as an indigenous ethnic community by the first prime minister U Sao Shawe Thaik and again declared as an indigenous ethnic community of Myanmar by U Nu government in 1954. (A History of Arakan, Past & Present)
The 1982 citizenship law denied the Rohingya to be a national ethnic group or fullcitizenship. As well as, others types of Muslims in Burma are also applied similarly.
A short Point of Earlier than Burmans:
Tibeto-Burman speaking Burmans, or the Bamar, began migrating to the Ayeyarwady valley from present-day Yunnan’s Nanzhao kingdom starting in 7th century AD. Filling the power gap left by the Pyu, the Burmans established a small kingdom centred in Bagan in 849. But it was not until the reign of King Anawrahta (1044 – 1077) that Bagan’s influence expanded throughout much of present-day Burma.
After Anawrahta’s capture of the Mon capital of Thaton in 1057, the Burmans adopted Theravada Buddhism from the Mons. The Burmese script was created, based on the Mon script, during the reign of King Kyanzittha (1084 – 1112). Prosperous from trade, Bagan kings built many magnificent temples and pagodas throughout the country – many of which can still be seen today.
Bagan’s power slowly waned in 13th century. Kublai Khan’s Mongol forces invaded northern Burma starting in 1277, and sacked Bagan city itself in 1287. Bagan’s over two century reign of Ayeyarwady valley and its periphery was over. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma
Other Groups: other facts Between Muslim and Buddhist
There are Thet, Mru, Khami, Dainet, Maramagyi ethnic groups in Arakan, are also speak in Rohingya dialects, but they are not violated because they are being non-Muslims.
19th Century Wah descendent from Han-China, are recognized and given citizenship.
18-19th Century Panthey descendent from Muslim-China, are not recognized and given foreigner-ship.
18th Century Pashu descendent from Malay, are not recognized but given citizenship.
Later from Colony war, non-Muslims are recognized and given citizenship and Muslim are not recognized and given temporary card.
17th Century Kaman descendent from India-Archer, are recognized but given temporary card.
Because of the Rohingya are not being religious of them, they were being expelled by Burma rulers and often by local groups causes of instigations. However, how deny by military government, the root cause and historical existences, proves will not be deemed forever.
If we have mechanism which can generate changes in Burma with people elected government firstly initiation of genuine federal democracy system which could grantee of the dignity of the entire people and sustainable economic gains.
Violations Against Arakenses:
Before the king of Bo-Daw-Pa-Ya occupied the Arakan, the Arakan is separated region and neither falled into Burma nor British.
Obviously, violations against Rohingya in Arakan mostly in every power transition periods of AD; 957, 1044, 1406, 1544, 1660, 1752, 1775, 1782, 1784, 1785, 1794, 1796, 1798, 1799, 1811, 1930, 1938, 1942….
And today affects from recent years 1949, 1950, 1958, 1967, 1975 and 1978 / 1990 to yet, are proved of our exodus into neighbor countries.
As a consequence of the invasion, in 1784, the Burman King Bodawpaya conquered and incorporated the Arakan region into his kingdom of Ava in central Burma, the Arakanese including both Buddhist-Rakhines and Rohingya-Muslims had been refuged into what is now Bangladesh, which was then controlled by the British. Thus, they received assistances under British in that time. That made today found many Rakhines in Bangladesh territory.
In 1942, the Japanese invaded Burma and during the British retreat communal violence erupted. Attacks were made against those groups that had benefited from British colonial rule. Burman nationalists attacked Karen and Indian communities, while in Arakan Buddhist Rakhine and Muslim Rohingya villagers attacked one another causing a displacement of Buddhist villagers to the south and Muslims to the north.
Some 22,000 Rohingya are believed to have crossed the border into Bengal. The region remained under Japanese control until a British offensive drove them out in 1945. Prior to the invasion, the British, seeking to bolster support for their forces, had promised the Muslims of northern Arakan a Muslim National Area, and some of the displaced returned with the British. However, the British government never delivered on its promise to create a Muslim National Area.
The immigration authorities imposed limitations of movement upon Muslims from the regions of Maungdaw, Buthidaung, and Rathedaung to Akyab [Sittwe]. The Muslims were not resettled in the villages from which they had been driven out in 1942 (with the exception of villages they left in the Maungdaw and Buthidaung regions). Some 13,000 Rohingya still living in refugee camps in India and Pakistan whence they had fled during the war, were unable to return; as for those who did manage to return, they were considered illegal Pakistani immigrants. The properties and land of all these refugees have been confiscated.
In 1977, however, the government initiated a program called Nagamin (King of Dragons)-a census operation to check identification cards and to take “actions against foreigners who have filtered into the country illegally.” While the program was nationwide in scope, in Arakan it degenerated into abusive attacks on Rohingya by both the army and local Rakhines. By May 1978, over 200,000 Rohingya had fled to Bangladesh. A few went to Malaysia, some of whom continue to reside there with uncertainty.
At the start of 1991, Rohingya who had fled to Bangladesh were the first to report a dramatic increase in the number of soldiers being posted to northern Arakan state and a consequent upsurge in human rights abuses against Rohingyas. Before the rains started in May 1991, some 10,000 Rohingya refugees had arrived in Bangladesh.
By March 1992, over 270,00 refugees had arrived. The refugees told of summary executions, rape, and other forms of torture which they had witnessed or personally endured at the hands of the military. In most cases, the abuses took place in the context of forced labor: the Rohingya were being forced to work as porters, build new army barracks, new roads and bridges, dig fish and prawn ponds, and cut bamboo for the military.
Since September 1992, there have been efforts to repatriate the Rohingya refugees residing in Bangladesh, and in August 1994 UNHCR adopted a program of mass repatriation in which thousands of Rohingya returned to Burma each week. But, the repatriation program regardless of the situation both in home and exile, was agreed by UNHCR, Bangladeshi government where some selfishness Rohingya leaders also made similar proposal.
Fortunately, such kind proposal of repatriation of the only Rohingya from neighboring countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh are going to be removed after repeated failures like before.
The Slang Word ‘Kala’
Indetail;
ku (uk) is health/treatment/medication
la (vm;) is professor
If bound in one word, Kula means Treatment Professor or Medical Professor (in Pali-word). So, it is reflecting as treatment officer in combining or descendent of racist Buddha.Therefore, the God-Buddha is an Indian decedent and son of ‘A Tow Ka’ king, and a kala too.
If someone called to someone as kala, s/he would be angry. But, someone welcome because of the person proud to be a racist of God-Buddha.
The word kala was most popular and used for Asia-chinese when the time natioanlization in Burma in 1960.
Emotionally, different ethnic group from Arakan-Burma are using the word ‘kala’, to Rohingya Muslim people from Arakan-Burma. Later, this usage broadens into new society and widely using ‘kala’ to Muslim, Hindu and foreign people as well. Ironic, that they never use when face by face but widely use at when behind or as far as those ‘kala’, that ‘kala’. As, they misspell ‘ku-la’ and accusing such groups as migrants. For Example: It was sophisticated as ;
Ka-la-fru (ukvm;jzL) to white people (white ka-la)
Ka-la-mae (ukvm;rJ) to black people (black ka-la), therefore,
Regarding this, later of 1992, the military Junta has widely accused to Noble Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi as ‘kala fru mayaa Suu Kyi’ (‘fru’ is white and ‘mayaa is wife in Burmese). Accusing that wife of a white kala from European. And it is publishing widely in Burmese newspapers.
Definitely, you are the best person to decide whether true or false. But, you would not find this usage in developed society and insulting indeed.
We have the latest note from our first Prime Minister, a Shan ethnic, U Saw Shawe Theit in 19.., saying that if Rohingyas are not our ethnic, none of us will be ours. Beside this, we must acknowledge that written words in scriptures were not using as today literature but the writer wrote with today literature to understand better therefore, we must confirm these facts whether true or not.
Questions & Answers
1) Is the root causes of non-recognition of Rohingyas depend on unknowing of Burmese official language or literature?
Basically, a citizen of the nation is keen to know its official language. But, the people from like where practice full democratic rule are using native language rather than its official language. We have many examples, one of that is Tamil Nadu from Mizo state is part of world No.1 democratic country, India.
So, there are many ethnics and its individual has own language and literature in Burma, and it is not being part of important while the military rulers did not welcome the developing processes of opening schools, transportations, rescue works, communications even self reliance processes and defined national language and religion in later of 1974.
2) Are there problems to become Burmese Muslims or Rakhine Muslims or Arakanses Muslims?
Perception is that Ethnic Identity of an individual in every society is the result to involve a sense of loyalty to’ and tend to base their definition and interpretation of social reality on their ethnicity. However, Muslims in Burma has no problems to become Burmese Muslims or Rakhine Muslims or Arakanses Muslims.
The existing problems are not for ‘Roginya’. We, Burmese people know Rohingya but strange with the word Rohingya. If it is true, have you heard that Rohingyas in Burma claim themselves as Rohingya. If not, so why the rulers of Burma defined them as Bengali instead of Burmese or Rakhine Muslims.
Worst in later of 1962, the root causes is that country rulers denied their rights and dignity and demolished their existences and trying to bled them as Bengali while depopulation of Rohingya and burmanizing are in practice, in the absent of public(neighbors) supports.
3) What kind of affects and impacts can be achieved if we do not recognized the Rohingya?
If we do not recognized Rohingya, Rohingya would be isolated as well as the land which belong to them, thus, it can not be achieved the unity of our nation what we need both in lower and upper Burma even to restore the origin of Arakan state.
We must also acknowledge that the country’s recognition as both citizen and nationality of the group later than Roihingya.
4) Please, explain about ‘Mayu’ Frontier region and why over crowded there and where they come from?
There are 3 townships which situate along the mayu river namely; Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung, are named as Mayu region after independent of Burma.
While violations against Rohingya in Arakan mostly in every power transition periods of AD; 957, 1044, 1406, 1544, 1660, 1752, 1775, 1782, 1784, 1785, 1794, 1796, 1798, 1799, 1811, 1930, 1938, 1942, the exodus into Bangladesh was unforgotten and that made them to flee to neighbourc ountries. Unavoidable conditions engaged them to relocate mostly in border lands such as Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung rather than their origin lands.
Whereas, they remained in theses regions overcrowdingly. Amongst them, those displace patriotic Rohingyas had come to establish short term ‘Mujahid movement’ for restoration of their rights and demands included relocation at their origin home land;
They are victimized in time of power transation periods;
During Burmese king ‘Bodawpaya’s conquered the arakan in 1785, but reentered into Arakan when British rule was installed. And
During British retreat to India and ruled martial-law by Rakhine U Kyaw Khine, but reentered into Arakan in 1945 on our general Aung Sann’s summons.
Their victimization attests continued in recent years of 1949, 1950, 1958, 1967, 1975 and 1978 / 1990 to yet, are proved of our exodus into neighbor countries.
Terror In Burma?
There are presently 17 National Arms groups in Burma and none of Muslim groups is involved. Professional inquiry into who are they accurately and behaviors, found that no group’s behaviors is terrorized for either Burma or its own people.
The results of the country has multi ethnic groups, they each has their own rights which can’t be deprived by Burman or country ruler. Originally, their own culture, language, tradition, territory are going to be lost by ethnic cleansing by means of Burmanizing policy which make up 86% of today major population.
The changed of Federal government of the country into central control and origin of several cultures of different ethnic groups into a truely Burmese national culture, lead to establish patriotic defense army for own community, is leading on the right path in deed. Thus, they might not be named as rebel or guerilla group. And no group or an individual should quote them as terror group.
In Arakan, a short lived ‘Mujahid’ movement in the early 1950s had not received widespread support of Rohingyas. But although the ‘Mujahid’ movement dissolved by Federal government’s engagements in May 1961 and northern regions (Maungdaw, Buthidaung, and Rathedaung) is separated as ‘Mayu Frontier Administration (MFA)’, later Revolutionary government’s oppressed roles lead hundreds of thousands of Rohingyas into neighbor Bangladesh. It needed to preserve against Burmese oppressions therefore some Rohingyas established the Rohingya Patriotic Front (RPF) in Bangladesh in 1973.
But, RPF splitted into Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) and Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front (ARIF).
Later, Rohingya Liberation Organization (RLO) and Arakan Rohingya National Organization (ARNO), are also founded in Bangladesh.
Side by side, in Rakhine,
Arakan Liberation Party, National Untied Party of Arakan, Arakan Army, Democratic Party of Arakan, United Mara Liberation Party, Rakhine Pray Communist Party, arms groups are also founded and confronting for their courses.
However, Rohingyas are wrongfully accused as terror group by today extremist group and some individual, as well as, the above mention groups are also accused similarly. Regarding this, the Australian security analyst Andew Selth has pointed out in 2003 that “any Muslim in Burma had been connected terrorism incident even though they are likely to be terrorized by the Burmese military than to be terrorists. And another recommendation by World Human Rights Watch (WHRW) is that “a few numbers of those who travelled to Middle East were evidently not returned as any Jihadist designs”.
Historical Building:
The one-dome curious Mosque Badr Maqaam situated on the rocky coast
(updating more)
